Solar energy terminology guide

The device that converts sunlight into electrical energy through solar photovoltaic materials. When multiple panels are connected together, it can also be called a solar system or solar array.

A rechargeable solar battery, connecting a solar cell with battery power storage. It rations excess power so that it can be used to offset peak or nighttime use. Battery storage capacity is measured in kWh.

The process by which a solar panel converts sunlight into electricity. It occurs when photons from sunlight strike the surface of a solar cell, causing electrons to be released, creating an electric current.

The basic unit of a solar panel that converts sunlight into electricity. It's typically made of semiconductor materials such as silicon but can be made from different materials.

Capacity refers to the maximum output capability of a solar power system under optimal conditions. It's usually measured in units of kilowatts (kW). For instance, a 5 kW system has a capacity of 5 kilowatts, indicating its maximum power output under ideal circumstances.

A type of solar cell made from a single crystal of silicon, known for its high efficiency and uniform appearance.

A type of solar cell made from multiple crystals of silicon, typically cheaper to produce than monocrystalline cells but with slightly lower efficiency.

Solar cells made from thin layers of photovoltaic material deposited on a substrate (an underlying layer), offering flexibility and potential cost savings compared to traditional silicon-based solar cells.

The angle at which solar panels are positioned relative to the horizontal plane and facing towards the sky, typically recommended between 20-35° for optimal efficiency.

The direction in which the solar panels are installed relative to the compass directions. In Ireland, the optimal orientation is south-facing for the best sun exposure.

The essential unit used to measure the capability of electricity-producing devices.

A thousand watts, 1 kW = 1,000 watts.

Unit of measurement for the output of a photovoltaic system. This is the maximum rate that your solar panel can generate energy when in peak conditions. For example, a 4 kWp panel can produce up to 4,000 watts of power.

A device that converts the direct current (DC) electricity produced by solar panels into alternating current (AC) electricity suitable for use in homes or businesses.

A form of electrical current flowing consistently in the same direction. In solar photovoltaic systems, DC electricity is generated by solar panels and then converted to AC electricity using an inverter for use in homes and businesses.

A form of electrical current in which the direction of the flow of electrons changes back and forth at regular intervals. The electricity grid and most everyday household appliances use AC.

The ratio of electrical energy output from a solar panel to the amount of sunlight it receives. Higher-efficiency panels can convert more sunlight into electricity

The governing body that provides grants and financial incentives to Irish businesses and homeowners looking to invest in solar power.

The SEAI grant available to Irish homeowners installing solar PV panels, currently capped at €1,800.

Grant offered by SEAI for businesses, community buildings, or agriculture.

A rating that shows how energy-efficient a home is, based on factors like insulation, heating, ventilation, and renewable energy sources. It's scored from A to G, with A being the most efficient. A BER is required when selling or renting a property, and a post-works BER is also required for several SEAI home energy grants, including the Solar Electricity Grant.

The official document showing a property's BER, issued by a registered BER assessor and published on the National BER Register.

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